The Rail Emission Model (REM)

A transparent standard for rail emissions.

Rail emission factors are fragmented. Boundary choices, accounting conventions, and data vintage vary by operator and country, making like-for-like comparison hard.

REM fixes that.

It's a tiered methodology that prioritizes the most specific data available, from operator-level factors down to country and global defaults, with full audit metadata behind every result.

What's inside the white paper:

• ✓REM's five-tier fallback hierarchy, from operator-specific factors down to a global default
• ✓How distance, service type, seat class and electricity basis are normalized before a tier is even selected
• ✓The full audit metadata behind every result: the tier, the distance basis, and the factor's source and year
• ✓Cross-border segmentation, comparability checks, and how REM aligns with ISO 14083 and the EU's CountEmissionsEU regulation

SQUAKE is publishing REM openly, because rail emissions data needs more consistency, scrutiny, and industry alignment.